Honda Civic 5 (1992-1995) Torque Spec Settings
 
      By IFCAR - Own work, Public Domain
Below you'll find the tightening torques for the Honda Civic 5 in both Nm and ft/lbs. The first table contains the most-used torque settings. The tables after it contain all torque spec values I could find.
Most-used torque specs for Honda Civic 5
| Part | Description | Torque (Nm) | Torque (ft/lbs) | Remarks | Applies to | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oil filter | Oil filter | 22 | 16 |  |   | |
| Transmission fluid pan | Oil drain plug | 40 | 30 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission fluid pan | Oil drain plug | 40 | 30 | 
 |   | 
To make sure these are the correct tightening torque values, you can use the data below to verify this is the right model.
Are these torque settings right for you?
- Production years: 1992 - 1995
- Generation: 5
- Type of van: car
- Model variant: Base
All Torque Settings in Tables
engine torque settings
Save to email ✉️| Part | Description | Torque (Nm) | Torque (ft/lbs) | Remarks | Applies to | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oil pan | Oil pan bolts and nuts | 12 | 9 |  |   | |
| Oil pan | Oil pan drain bolt | 45 | 33 |  |   | |
| Oil filter | Oil filter | 22 | 16 |  |   | |
| Oil pressure switch | Oil pressure switch | 18 | 13 |  |   | |
| Oil pressure switch | Pressure regulator bolt | 12 | 9 |  |   | |
| Oil pump | Oil pump assembly bolts | 11 | 8 |  |   | |
| Oil pump | Oil pump cover bolt | 7 | 5 |  |   | |
| Oil pump | Oil pump oil screen bolt | 11 | 8 |  |   | |
| Oil pump | Oil pump oil screen to Oil pump nut | 24 | 18 |  |   | |
| Piston rods | Connecting rod cap nut | 32 | 24 |  |   | |
| Cylinder head | Cylinder head bolts | 73 | 54 | 
 |   | |
| Cylinder head | Cylinder head bolts | 73 | 54 | 
 |   | |
| Cylinder head | Cylinder head bolts | 65 | 48 | 
 |   | |
| Cylinder head | Cylinder head bolts | 65 | 48 | 
 |   | |
| Cylinder head | Cylinder head cover bolts | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Cylinder head | Cylinder head cover bolts | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Cylinder head | Cylinder head cover cap nut | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Cylinder head | Cylinder head cover cap nut | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Cylinder head | Intake and Exhaust valve locknuts | 20 | 15 | 
 |   | |
| Cylinder head | Intake and Exhaust valve locknuts | 20 | 15 | 
 |   | |
| Cylinder head | Intake and Exhaust valve locknuts | 14 | 10 | 
 |   | |
| Cylinder head | Intake and Exhaust valve locknuts | 14 | 10 | 
 |   | |
| Spark plugs | Distributor to Cylinder head bolt | 24 | 18 | 
 |   | |
| Spark plugs | Distributor to Cylinder head bolt | 24 | 18 | 
 |   | |
| Spark plugs | Distributor to Valve train bolt | 24 | 18 | 
 |   | |
| Spark plugs | Distributor to Valve train bolt | 24 | 18 | 
 |   | |
| Intake manifold | Intake manifold nut | 23 | 17 | 
 |   | |
| Intake manifold | Intake manifold nut | 23 | 17 | 
 |   | |
| Intake manifold | Intake manifold nut | 23 | 17 | 
 |   | |
| Intake manifold | Intake manifold nut | 23 | 17 | 
 |   | |
| Intake manifold | Intake manifold bracket bolt | 24 | 18 | 
 |   | |
| Intake manifold | Intake manifold bracket bolt | 24 | 18 | 
 |   | |
| Intake manifold | Intake manifold bracket bolt | 24 | 18 | 
 |   | |
| Intake manifold | Intake manifold bracket bolt | 24 | 18 | 
 |   | |
| Intake manifold | EACV bolt | 24 | 18 | 
 |   | |
| Intake manifold | EACV bolt | 24 | 18 | 
 |   | |
| Intake manifold | EACV bolt | 24 | 18 | 
 |   | |
| Intake manifold | EACV bolt | 24 | 18 | 
 |   | |
| Intake manifold | Purge cut solenoid valve bolt | 6 | 4 | 
 |   | |
| Intake manifold | Purge cut solenoid valve bolt | 6 | 4 | 
 |   | |
| Throttle body | Throttle body nut | 20 | 15 | 
 |   | |
| Throttle body | Throttle body nut | 20 | 15 | 
 |   | |
| Throttle body | Throttle body nut | 20 | 15 | 
 |   | |
| Throttle body | Throttle body nut | 20 | 15 | 
 |   | |
| Throttle body | Throttle control lever bolt | 8 | 6 | 
 |   | |
| Throttle body | Throttle control cable holder bolt | 22 | 16 | 
 |   | |
| Throttle body | Fast idle valve bolt | 11 | 8 | 
 |   | |
| Throttle body | Fast idle valve bolt | 11 | 8 | 
 |   | |
| Engine block | Engine drain bolt | 40 | 30 |  |   | |
| Engine block | Oil breather chamber | 11 | 8 |  |   | |
| Engine mounts | Engine rear mount bolt | 39 | 29 |  |   | |
| Engine mounts | Engine side mounting bracket bolts | 55 | 41 |  |   | |
| Engine mounts | Engine support nut | 55 | 41 |  |   | |
| Engine mounts | Front stopper rubber nut (RH) | 65 | 48 |  |   | |
| Engine mounts | Front stopper rubber bolt (RH) | 85 | 63 |  |   | |
| Sensor | MAP sensor bolt | 2 | 1 | 
 |   | |
| Sensor | MAP sensor bolt | 2 | 1 | 
 |   | |
| Sensor | Oxygen sensor | 45 | 33 | 
 |   | |
| Sensor | Oxygen sensor | 45 | 33 | 
 |   | |
| Sensor | Oxygen sensor | 45 | 33 | 
 |   | |
| Sensor | Oxygen sensor | 45 | 33 | 
 |   | |
| Sensor | Speed sensor bolt | 22 | 16 | 
 |   | |
| Sensor | TA sensor bolt | 6 | 4 | 
 |   | |
| Sensor | TA sensor bolt | 6 | 4 | 
 |   | |
| Sensor | TA sensor bolt | 6 | 4 | 
 |   | |
| Sensor | TA sensor bolt | 6 | 4 | 
 |   | |
| Sensor | Temperature gauge sender | 9 | 7 |  |   | |
| Sensor | Temperature gauge sender | 18 | 13 |  |   | |
| Alternator | Alternator bracket bolts | 45 | 33 |  |   | |
| Alternator | Alternator adjust bracket bolt | 45 | 33 |  |   | |
| Camshaft | Camshaft bolts | 12 | 9 | 6mm bolts |  |   | 
| Camshaft | Camshaft bolts | 22 | 16 | 8mm bolts |  |   | 
| Camshaft | Cam pulley bolt | 38 | 28 | 
 |   | |
| Camshaft | Cam pulley bolt | 38 | 28 | 
 |   | |
| Camshaft | Camshaft pulley bolt | 38 | 28 | 
 |   | |
| Camshaft | Camshaft pulley bolt | 38 | 28 | 
 |   | |
| Camshaft | Spool valve bolt | 12 | 9 | 
 |   | |
| Camshaft | Spool valve bolt | 12 | 9 | 
 |   | |
| Crankshaft | Crankshaft pulley bolt | 185 | 136 | 
 |   | |
| Crankshaft | Crankshaft pulley bolt | 185 | 136 | 
 |   | |
| Crankshaft | Crankshaft pulley bolt | 185 | 136 | 
 |   | |
| Crankshaft | Crankshaft pulley bolt | 185 | 136 | 
 |   | |
| Crankshaft | Main bearing cap right side cover bolts | 11 | 8 |  |   | |
| Crankshaft | Main bearing cap bolts | 25 | 18 | First step |  |   | 
| Crankshaft | Main bearing cap bolts | 52 | 38 | Final step | 
 |   | 
| Crankshaft | Main bearing cap bolts | 45 | 33 | Final step | 
 |   | 
| Crankshaft | Main bearing cap bolts | 45 | 33 | Final step | 
 |   | 
| Crankshaft | Main bearing cap bolts | 45 | 33 | Final step | 
 |   | 
| Crankshaft | Breathing port cover mount bolts | 11 | 8 |  |   | |
| Water pump | Water pump bolts | 12 | 9 |  |   | |
| Radiator | Radiator bleed bolt | 10 | 7 |  |   | |
| Radiator | Radiator upper bracket bolt | 10 | 7 |  |   | |
| Radiator | Fan to Fan motor self-locking nut | 5 | 4 | 
 |   | |
| Radiator | Fan to Fan motor self-locking nut | 5 | 4 | 
 |   | |
| Radiator | Fan to Fan motor self-locking nut | 5 | 4 | 
 |   | |
| Radiator | Fan to Fan motor self-locking nut | 5 | 4 | 
 |   | |
| Radiator | Fan shroud bolt | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Radiator | Fan shroud bolt | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Radiator | Fan shroud bolt | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Radiator | Fan shroud bolt | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Radiator | Thermoswitch A93 | 22 | 16 | Minimum torque |  |   | 
| Radiator | Thermoswitch A93 | 26 | 19 | Maximum torque |  |   | 
| Radiator | Thermostat cover bolts | 10 | 7 |  |   | |
| Radiator | Water outlet cover bolt | 11 | 8 |  |   | |
| Air conditioning | A/C compressor bolts | 22 | 16 |  |   | |
| Air conditioning | A/C compressor bracket bolts | 22 | 16 | 8x1.25mm bolt |  |   | 
| Air conditioning | A/C compressor bracket bolts | 45 | 33 | 10x1.25mm bolt |  |   | 
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Timing belt back plate bolt | 12 | 9 | 
 |   | |
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Timing belt back plate bolt | 12 | 9 | 
 |   | |
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Timing belt adjusting bolt | 45 | 33 |  |   | |
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Timing belt adjusting bolt | 45 | 33 | 
 |   | |
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Timing belt adjusting bolt | 45 | 33 | 
 |   | |
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Timing belt upper cover bolt | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Timing belt upper cover bolt | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Timing belt upper cover bolt | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Timing belt upper cover bolt | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Timing belt lower cover bolt | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Timing belt lower cover bolt | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Timing belt lower cover bolt | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Timing belt lower cover bolt | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Timing belt back cover bolt | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Timing belt back cover bolt | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Belt tensioner adjusting bolt | 45 | 33 | 
 |   | |
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Belt tensioner adjusting bolt | 45 | 33 | 
 |   | |
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Belt tensioner adjusting bolt | 45 | 33 | 
 |   | |
| Belt tensioner/Timing chains | Belt tensioner adjusting bolt | 45 | 33 | 
 |   | |
| Rocker arm | Rocker arm assembly bolts | 12 | 9 | 6mm bolt |  |   | 
| Rocker arm | Rocker arm assembly bolts | 22 | 16 | 8mm bolt |  |   | 
| Fuel system | Fuel feed hose banjo bolt | 22 | 16 |  |   | |
| Fuel system | Fuel feed hose service bolt | 15 | 11 |  |   | |
| Fuel system | Fuel feed line and return hose bolt | 28 | 21 |  |   | |
| Fuel system | Fuel hose protector bolts | 22 | 16 |  |   | |
| Fuel system | Fuel pipe nuts | 12 | 9 |  |   | |
| Fuel system | Fuel filter service bolt | 15 | 11 |  |   | |
| Fuel system | Fuel filter clamp bolt | 10 | 7 |  |   | |
| Fuel system | Fuel tank drain bolt | 50 | 37 |  |   | |
| Fuel system | Fuel tank straps bolts | 40 | 30 |  |   | |
| Fuel system | High pressure hose to Fuel filter | 38 | 28 |  |   | 
drivetrain torque settings
Save to email ✉️| Part | Description | Torque (Nm) | Torque (ft/lbs) | Remarks | Applies to | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch pressure plate | Clutch pressure plate bolts | 26 | 19 |  |   | |
| Clutch assembly | Clutch slave cylinder bolt | 22 | 16 |  |   | |
| Clutch assembly | Clutch slave cylinder pipe assembly bolt | 12 | 9 | 
 |   | |
| Clutch assembly | Clutch slave cylinder bleeder screw | 10 | 7 |  |   | |
| Clutch assembly | Clutch pipe | 15 | 11 |  |   | |
| Clutch assembly | Clutch pipe stay bolt | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Clutch assembly | Clutch master cylinder assembly nuts | 13 | 10 |  |   | |
| Clutch assembly | Clutch cover nut | 12 | 9 | 
 |   | |
| Clutch assembly | Countershaf locknut | 110 | 81 | First step | 
 |   | 
| Clutch assembly | Countershaf locknut | 110 | 81 | Final step | 
 |   | 
| Clutch assembly | Countershaf locknut | 140 | 103 | First step | 
 |   | 
| Clutch assembly | Countershaf locknut | 140 | 103 | Final step | 
 |   | 
| Clutch assembly | Transmission housing to Countershaft sealing bolt | 25 | 18 | 32mm | 
 |   | 
| Flywheel/Flex plate | Flywheel cover nut | 12 | 9 |  |   | |
| Flywheel/Flex plate | Flywheel bolt | 120 | 89 | 
 |   | |
| Flywheel/Flex plate | Drive plate bolt | 75 | 55 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission fluid pan | Oil drain plug | 40 | 30 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission fluid pan | Oil drain plug | 40 | 30 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission fluid pan | Oil filler plug | 45 | 33 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission fluid pan | Oil guide cap | 40 | 30 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission fluid pan | Transmission ground wire bolt | 22 | 16 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission fluid pan | Transmission wire harness clamp bolt | 22 | 16 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission fluid pan | Reverse shift fork bolt | 14 | 10 | Special bolt | 
 |   | 
| Transmission fluid pan | Reverse shift holder bolt | 15 | 11 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission fluid pan | Reverse lock cam bolt | 15 | 11 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission fluid pan | Reverse idler gear shaft holder bolts | 12 | 9 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission fluid pan | Needle bearing stopper bolt | 12 | 9 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission fluid pan | Shift arm bolt | 32 | 24 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission fluid pan | Shift arm shaft plug bolt | 55 | 41 | 28mm | 
 |   | 
| Transmission fluid pan | Set ball spring bolt | 22 | 16 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission fluid pan | Interlock guide bolt | 40 | 30 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission fluid pan | ATF cooler pipe bolt | 12 | 9 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission fluid pan | ATF cooler pipe joint bolt | 29 | 21 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission mount/case | Breather cover bolt | 11 | 8 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission mount/case | Release pipe stay bolt | 28 | 21 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission mount/case | Transmission hanger B bolt | 28 | 21 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission mount/case | Oil gutter plate sealing bolt | 10 | 7 | 10mm | 
 |   | 
| Transmission mount/case | Splash guard bolts | 45 | 33 | 10x1.25mm | 
 |   | 
| Transmission mount/case | Splash guard bolts | 65 | 48 | 12x1.25mm | 
 |   | 
| Transmission mount/case | Transmission to Engine bolts | 60 | 44 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission mount/case | Transmission to Engine bolts | 60 | 44 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission mount/case | Transmission mount bolt | 39 | 29 |  |   | |
| Transmission mount/case | Transmission mount bracket bolt | 50 | 37 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission mount/case | Transmission mounting bolts | 60 | 44 | 12x1.5mm bolt | 
 |   | 
| Transmission mount/case | Transmission mounting bolts | 85 | 63 | 14x1.5mm bolt | 
 |   | 
| Transmission mount/case | Transmission side mount bolts | 65 | 48 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission mount/case | Transmission right side cover bolts | 12 | 9 | 
 |   | |
| Transmission mount/case | Transmission front stiffener bolt | 24 | 18 | 8x1.25mm bolt | 
 |   | 
| Transmission mount/case | Transmission front stiffener bolt | 45 | 33 | 10x1.25mm bolt | 
 |   | 
| Transmission mount/case | Transmission housing bolts | 34 | 25 | 
 |   | |
| Torque converter | Lock-up control solenoid valve assembly bolts | 12 | 9 | 
 |   | |
| Transfer | Change lever knob | 8 | 6 | 
 |   | |
| Transfer | Shift cable control lever bolt | 14 | 10 | 
 |   | |
| Transfer | Shift cable cover bolts | 22 | 16 | 
 |   | |
| Transfer | Shift rod and extension rod bolt | 22 | 16 | 
 |   | |
| Drive/Axle shaft | Damper fork bolt | 44 | 32 | 
 |   | |
| Drive/Axle shaft | Damper fork self-locking nut | 65 | 48 |  |   | |
| Drive/Axle shaft | Mainshaft locknut | 95 | 70 | Flange nut | 
 |   | 
| Drive/Axle shaft | Sub-shaft locknut | 95 | 70 | Flange nut | 
 |   | 
steering torque settings
Save to email ✉️| Part | Description | Torque (Nm) | Torque (ft/lbs) | Remarks | Applies to | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Power steering | Power steering pump bolts | 22 | 16 |  |   | |
| Power steering | Power steering pump to Bracket bolt | 24 | 18 |  |   | |
| Power steering | Power steering pump bracket bolts | 45 | 33 |  |   | 
exhaust torque settings
Save to email ✉️| Part | Description | Torque (Nm) | Torque (ft/lbs) | Remarks | Applies to | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust manifold self locking nut | 32 | 24 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust manifold self locking nut | 32 | 24 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust manifold self locking nut | 32 | 24 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust manifold self locking nut | 32 | 24 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust manifold bracket bolts | 45 | 33 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust manifold bracket bolts | 45 | 33 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust manifold bracket bolts | 45 | 33 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust manifold bracket bolts | 45 | 33 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust manifold cover bolt | 22 | 16 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust manifold cover bolt | 22 | 16 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust manifold cover bolt | 22 | 16 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust manifold shroud bolt | 22 | 16 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust manifold to Catalytic converter nut | 34 | 25 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust manifold to Catalytic converter nut | 34 | 25 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust pipe to Catalytic converter nut | 34 | 25 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust pipe to Catalytic converter nut | 34 | 25 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust pipe A self-locking nut | 22 | 16 | 8x1.25mm nut |  |   | 
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust pipe A self-locking nut | 55 | 41 | 10x1.25mm nut |  |   | 
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust pipe A brackets bolt | 39 | 29 | 10x1.25mm nut | 
 |   | 
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust pipe A brackets bolt | 39 | 29 | 10x1.25mm nut | 
 |   | 
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust pipe A brackets bolt | 39 | 29 | 10x1.25mm nut | 
 |   | 
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust pipe A brackets bolt and nut | 32 | 24 | 8x1.25mm nut | 
 |   | 
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust pipe A brackets nut | 22 | 16 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust pipe A brackets nut | 22 | 16 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust pipe A to Bracket self-locking nut | 16 | 12 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust pipe B self-locking nut | 34 | 25 | 10x1.25mm nut | 
 |   | 
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust pipe B self-locking nut | 22 | 16 | 8x1.25mm nut | 
 |   | 
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust pipe B self-locking nut | 34 | 25 | 10x1.25mm nut | 
 |   | 
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust pipe B heat shield bolt | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Exhaust manifold | Exhaust pipe B heat shield bolt | 2 | 1 | 
 |   | |
| EGR | EGR valve nut | 21 | 15 | 
 |   | |
| Muffler | Muffler bolt | 22 | 16 | 
 |   | |
| Muffler | Muffler bolt | 22 | 16 | 
 |   | |
| Catalytic converter | Catalytic converter cover bolt | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Catalytic converter | Catalytic converter cover bolt | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Catalytic converter | Catalytic converter heat shield bolts | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Catalytic converter | Catalytic converter heat shield bolts | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Catalytic converter | Catalytic converter heat shield bolts | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | |
| Catalytic converter | Catalytic converter heat shield bolts | 10 | 7 | 
 |   | 
brakes torque settings
Save to email ✉️| Part | Description | Torque (Nm) | Torque (ft/lbs) | Remarks | Applies to | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brake line | Brake hose clamp bolt | 10 | 7 |  |   | |
| Brake pedal | Clutch pedal locknut | 10 | 7 | Locknut A |  |   | 
| Brake pedal | Clutch pedal locknut | 10 | 7 | Locknut B |  |   | 
| Brake pedal | Clutch pedal locknut | 18 | 13 | Locknut C |  |   | 
| Parking brake | Parking brake stopper bolt | 14 | 10 | Special bolt | 
 |   | 
suspension torque settings
Save to email ✉️| Part | Description | Torque (Nm) | Torque (ft/lbs) | Remarks | Applies to | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Radius arm | Torque rod bolt | 22 | 16 | 
 |   | |
| Radius arm | Torque rod extension mount stopper bolt | 22 | 16 | 
 |   | |
| Ball joint | Ball joint to lower arm nut | 65 | 48 | 
 |   | 
general torque settings
Save to email ✉️| Part | Description | Torque (Nm) | Torque (ft/lbs) | Remarks | Applies to | 
|---|
 
                  By OSX - Own work, Public Domain
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